Standard service life of a building before major repairs

Estimated and actual data on the service life of buildings

External and internal solid brick walls in traditional houses have an excess thickness of approximately 30%. In Fig. Figure 10 shows the decrease in the thickness of the external walls during the second half of the 19th century. and in the first decades of the current century - before the development of industrial prefabricated construction. During this period, the amount of brick required to build houses of the same volume decreased by 2 times. This is explained by the fact that in ancient times the thickness of the walls was established by experience, according to observational data and usually with a large margin.

Rice. 8. Frequency of replacement of structural elements of the building: a - buildings of traditional construction; I is the estimated service life of the building and its non-replaceable structures; 2 - wooden floors, parquet and ceramic floors; 3 - plank floors, wooden rafters, partitions, windows and doors; 4 - metal roofs; 5 - coverings and drainpipes; b—buildings of industrial construction, 6—estimated period for replacing gypsum partitions, parquet and ceramic floors; 7 — plank, roll floors, windows and doors; c - roll roofing

Best before date

These indicators are different for different types of residential buildings:

1. Houses of the Soviet period:
   Pre-war Stalin buildings - 125;
2. “Stalins” of post-war construction -150;
3. "Khrushchev" panel type - 50;
4. Brick 4-5 storey houses - 100;
5. Panel and block 9-16 storeys – 100.
6. Modern buildings:
   Houses made of brick and monolithic reinforced concrete - 125-150;
7. Panel - 100-120.

At the same time, for panel and block-type structures, building codes do not provide for serious reconstruction work, and therefore an extension of the service life.

Reinforced concrete houses are very sensitive to the timing of major repairs. Those. done at the right time and in the required volumes, it can significantly extend the life of the home. However, if repairs are needed, but for some reason are not carried out, then the buildings begin to rapidly wear out, and after some time the repairs become impractical.

Standard service life of a building

The service life of a building is understood as the duration of its trouble-free operation, subject to the implementation of maintenance and repair measures. The duration of trouble-free operation of building elements, its systems and equipment is not the same.

When determining the standard service life of a building, the average failure-free service life of the main load-bearing elements - foundations and walls - is taken. The service life of other elements may be less than the standard service life of the building. Therefore, during the operation of the building, these elements have to be replaced, possibly several times.

Standard average service life of civil buildings

Standard service life is quite conditional. This is evidenced by a comparison of the regulatory deadlines adopted in different countries for the same structures. For example, the design life of concrete and reinforced concrete foundations is 150 years in Hungary and Belgium, 100 years in France, 80 years in Sweden, 60 years in England.

The shares of the replacement cost of individual elements and systems in the total replacement cost of the building are taken according to the approved aggregate indicators of the replacement cost of buildings (RUVS), and the shares of elements and systems that do not have approved RUVS - according to their estimated cost.

Standard durability of wooden houses

The answer to the question of what the service life of a wooden residential building will be depends on many factors.

The current SNiPs and GOSTs are based on the traditional approach to determining the durability of such buildings, when the duration of operation of individual irreplaceable building structures is taken into account. This method is considered completely objective and gives a real idea of ​​the current situation in the private housing construction market.

Based on the above, the standard service life of a wooden house and some alternative options is determined taking into account the minimum durability of individual elements of the building, which is:

• For strip reinforced concrete foundations and driven reinforced concrete piles - at least 100 years;
• For columnar foundations and screw metal piles - up to 50 years;
• For a brick wall of standard thickness (two and a half bricks) - up to 100 years;
• For planed log houses - up to 70-75 years;
• For log houses made of rounded logs - up to 50-60 years;
• For log houses made of profiled timber - at least 50-55 years;
• For log houses made of laminated veneer lumber - at least 40-45 years;
• For frame buildings - at least 35-40 years.

It is important to note that the indicated duration of use of buildings is not the maximum, since in practice you can often find a log house that costs 100 or even 150 years. The use of profiled timber and rounded logs began relatively recently, so it will not be possible to find such old buildings made from these materials

However, it is necessary to understand that the durability of wooden buildings is influenced by a large number of additional factors, in particular:

• Species and quality of timber harvested. A larch log house can last much longer than the standard service life produced above. There is no doubt about this among the professionals who have worked with this tree;
• Compliance with residential building maintenance requirements. A long service life requires mandatory antiseptic treatment of wood, which must be carried out regularly. The frequency of processing is determined by the characteristics of the formulations used;
• Compliance with operating rules. Construction parameters are selected based on the climatic characteristics of the region, which ensures that the building complies with the intended conditions of use.

Analysis of the information provided shows that the service life of a wooden house made of timber or logs is determined mainly by the durability of the log house. In this case, the elements of the building that are replaceable do not play a role. Their estimated service life is:

• Reinforced concrete floors - 100 years;
• wood floors - 50 years;
• plank floors - 25-30 years;
• wooden roof structures - 50 years;
• different types of tiles - from 15 to 75 years.

The number of such replaceable building elements is quite large, but they, as noted above, do not have a significant impact on the service life of the building. Moreover, even a house with wooden floors will last 50 years without any problems, and with proper major repairs, the service life can be increased at least twice. The information provided clearly shows that the prevailing opinion among ordinary people about the fragility of wood buildings is for the most part a myth, which is based on the improper use of the material and violations of the rules for caring for such buildings.

Standard and actual service life of buildings

Obsolescence should be understood as the inconsistency of a building with its functional purpose, which arises as a result of changing social demands. In relation to residential buildings, we are talking about the inconsistency of architectural and planning solutions with modern requirements, about overcrowding of buildings, about an insufficient level of improvement and landscaping of the territory, about outdated engineering equipment.

The accuracy of determining the physical deterioration of a building depends on the approach used and ranges from 1% (based on engineering surveys and laboratory studies) to 5% (based on survey results using simple instruments). The amount of physical wear of a particular structural element is determined using special tables, including signs of wear and the corresponding ranges of values ​​and wear. The physical deterioration of the entire building is defined as the arithmetic average of the depreciation of individual structural elements, weighed by their specific weights in the total replacement cost of the object.

Lifespan of a brick house

In addition, the correct technology for constructing capital walls cannot be neglected. Moreover, the most important thing will not even be the method by which the masonry was carried out. A very important factor here is the correct connection of the walls with each other using concrete lintels. They are called a belt, and if it is made incorrectly, then you don’t have to think about the durability of the entire structure.

Clay bricks can also be used in construction. Its characteristics are slightly inferior to the previous material, which slightly reduces its service life. Although clay products are still successfully used in modern construction. Most often, clay parts are used for the construction of interior walls.

Appendix 20

3. These average service lives of residential and public buildings, their structural elements, building decoration and equipment are established taking into account the fact that during the operation of buildings, planned maintenance must be carried out periodically within strictly established periods and in accordance with the list of main works related to the current repair of residential and public buildings given in Chapter IV.

lightweight stone masonry made of brick, cinder blocks or shell rock on a complex or lime mortar, reinforced concrete or brick columns or pillars (wooden floors, unlike the three previous types of buildings)

Stalinist redevelopment

APB No. 1 has extensive experience in designing redevelopment of apartments, as well as non-residential premises in Stalinist buildings.

III Buildings with stone walls made of piece stones or large blocks; columns and pillars - reinforced concrete or brick; ceilings - reinforced concrete or stone vaults on metal beams 125 IV Buildings with lightweight (stone) masonry walls; columns and pillars - reinforced concrete; floors - wooden 100 V Buildings with lightweight masonry walls; columns and pillars - brick or wood; floors - wooden 80 VI Wooden buildings; walls - logs or paving 50 VII Wooden frame, panel buildings 25 VIII Lightweight buildings 15 IX Tents, pavilions, stalls and other lightweight trade buildings 10

The first capital group of residential buildings includes stone buildings, especially capital buildings (stone and concrete foundations; brick, large-block and large-panel walls; reinforced concrete floors), the standard service life of such buildings is 150 years.

Steel beams and purlins were used, both single-span and multi-span. In brick walls, the supporting part of the steel floor beams was carefully anchored (anchoring ensured a reliable connection between the building walls and the floor disc). The use of basic structural elements with different standard service lives requires that during major repairs their features be taken into account in order to eliminate unnecessary costs or repair cycles (for example, over the full life of buildings with brick walls and wooden floors, it is theoretically necessary to change the floors twice or carry out a reconstruction that ensures equal maximum possible duration of operation of the building after reconstruction). The layout is mostly regular, but inconvenient for family occupancy, the average living area of ​​apartments is up to 65 m2, some types of amenities are missing (hot water supply, garbage chutes, telephone connections, elevators, in some places there may be a lack of bathrooms), ceilings and partitions are partially or completely wooden . 26-35 The layout is irregular, does not always coincide vertically and is unsuitable for family occupancy, the average area of ​​apartments is up to 85 m2, in some places there are dark or walk-through kitchens, the above types of amenities are missing, as well as bathrooms, ceilings and wooden partitions. 36-45 The layout is chaotic, does not coincide vertically, family occupancy is impossible, multi-room communal apartments, in some places there are bathrooms above living rooms and kitchens, all types of amenities are missing, wooden floors and partitions. It is strictly forbidden to make heavy hanging or tension forms in Stalinist houses before the 50th year of construction. Dilapidated floors will not withstand the mass and will collapse.

Redecorating

You need to start repairing the ceiling of a Stalin-era wooden house with a visual assessment of the integrity of the ceiling. If the plaster layer is held firmly enough, no major work is expected. It is better to verify the thoroughness of the coating by lightly tapping the ceiling surface; it often happens that the plaster looks good, but crumbles at the slightest touch.

The work algorithm is as follows:

1. Wash off old decor. If it is whitewash or water-based paint, wash the layers with plain water. Wet the wallpaper, then carefully clean it with a spatula, remove the paint with special compounds and also carefully clean it with a spatula.

Construction pricing reform should have been completed 1011 days ago

Rattle, quote in message No. 4 - from the time of Tsar Gorokh (order of the State Construction Committee, the text of which was updated in 2021). Chapter II. I don’t know what the status of this order is today. There is probably something newer.

I didn’t understand you. Did you look at that document? It contains, for example, this: STANDARD SERVICE LIFE OF BUILDINGS 1. General provisions 1. Standard average service life of residential buildings, their structural elements, building decoration and engineering equipment are established depending on the material of the main structures (foundations, walls and ceilings) for six groups and are shown in table. 1. and so on

What are the service life of buildings and structures?

What is meant by this definition? The time of use of any constructed object is considered to be a certain time period of safe use of knowledge or other construction structures to a state where its subsequent operation is impractical or unacceptable according to safety regulations. There are several types of construction projects (depending on the material of the walls): panel and monolithic buildings, brick, frame and wooden buildings, as well as construction projects made of timber, panels, foam blocks or panels.

• Walls and foundation: 100 - 150 years;
• Floors made of various materials: 70 - 150 years;
• Staircase structures: 80 - 100 years;
• Floor coverings: 80 - 100 years;
• Internal non-load-bearing foundations: 40 - 150 years;
• Load-bearing elements of various building structures: 100 - 150 years;
• Roofing coverings: 10 – 80 years;
• Door and window structures: 20 - 30 years;
• Sewage system: 30 years;
• Heating and ventilation systems: 30 years;
• Gas installations: 20 years;
• Freight elevators without a conductor: 20 years.
• Service life of interior and exterior finishing of buildings:
• External cladding of buildings: 125 years;
• Tiling: 60 - 75 years;
• Internal cladding of buildings: 40 years;
• Painting of structures: 20 – 45 years.

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Brief information about the terms of use of buildings and other construction projects

The service life of stone buildings with walls approximately three bricks thick with a frame structure made of reinforced concrete or metal, as well as with reinforced concrete or concrete floors is 150 years. Construction projects with large-panel walls and reinforced concrete floors with a height of at least five floors have the same service life.

Building structures with walls two bricks thick and horizontal building elements (so-called floors) made of concrete have a service life of up to 125 years. Wooden buildings with walls made of large blocks or slabs have a similar service life.

Buildings with walls made of large blocks, with lightweight masonry (shell rock or small cinder blocks) with wooden floors, as well as large-panel buildings 5 ​​floors high with reinforced concrete floors have a service life of up to one hundred years. The lifespan of construction projects with cobblestone or chopped wooden walls is 90 years.

Determining the service life of a building

The service life of a building depends both on operating conditions and on the strategic choices of designers. You can build a relatively cheap building, but during its entire service life you will have to incur significant costs to maintain it in acceptable technical condition. Or you can erect a building in which practically no maintenance or repairs will be required during its entire service life, but the cost of such a facility will be disproportionately higher compared to the reasonable costs of technical operation.

The economic service life refers to the period during which an object can be used while generating profit; these improvements contribute to the value of the object. If the improvements made do not make a certain contribution to the value of the property due to the fact that it is outdated, then its economic life ends.

Average lifespan of residential buildings

1. Particularly capital ones - their service life is more than 150 years, the buildings are built using materials such as stone and brick.
2. Capital - the service life of these houses is equal to one century, the same materials are used in their construction as in the construction of capital ones, however, their walls are somewhat thinner.
3. Ordinary - houses of mass construction, their walls are the average size accepted by the standards, can last about 120 years.
4. Lightweight stone - houses in this category are built using lightweight, that is, hollow bricks, and have a service life of no more than 120 years.
5. Wooden - with proper care and reconstruction, such houses can last for about a century.

It is such a short period of time due to the fact that exposure to hot water, as well as temperature changes, leads to fairly rapid destruction of metal alloys and cast iron, from which these systems are mainly made.

How long can a frame house last?

When using precast concrete, you must require a certificate from builders or suppliers for the imported material. must correspond to what is recorded in the drawings. When using reinforcement, you should check whether its diameter and method of connection correspond to those specified by the designer. You can also take photographs of the various stages of foundation construction and consult with other professionals.

The assembly of the walls and ceilings of the house is carried out in the factory on special production lines, and they are already brought to the construction site. They come in varying degrees of completion: from assembled frame structures to fully finished wall panels (with inserted windows and built-in utilities), multi-layer floor slabs and even roofs. Prefabricated elements must correspond to the design dimensions to the nearest millimeter, and they are only fastened together at the construction site.

SERVICE LIFE AND WEAR OF BUILDINGS

Obsolescence of the old housing stock is the depreciation of a residential building as a result of a decrease in the cost of socially necessary labor for the construction in modern conditions of a residential building, similar in space-planning solutions and internal amenities to previously built houses as a result of an increase in labor productivity and the discrepancy between space-planning and engineering design solutions that do not provide a modern level of living comfort compared to new construction. This means the following disadvantages: •

Assessment of the condition of the building depending on the general physical deterioration Condition of the building Physical deterioration, % Good 0-10 Quite satisfactory 11-20 Satisfactory 21-30 Not quite satisfactory 31-40 Unsatisfactory 41-60 Dilapidated 61-75 Unsuitable (emergency) 75 and above Predicted physical wear and tear of the building, %

TechLib SPB UVT

After running-in under the payload, the structure enters a period of normal operation. During this period, it is necessary to comply with all operational requirements according to the maintainability criterion, only in this case the probability of failures will be consistently negligible, which is reflected in the life schedule. Failures during normal operation occur solely through the fault of operating organizations that do not comply with the requirements for the technical operation of buildings and structures.

All structures that have seasonal use (summer tents, pavilions, Christmas tree frames, etc.) have a standard durability of 5 years and should not be used after five seasons.

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Service life of buildings and structures

Durability is the ability of a construction project to maintain physical and other properties established during design and ensuring its normal operation during its design service life with proper maintenance;

Clause 3.2.3 of GOST R 54257-2021 establishes that the necessary measures to ensure the durability of structures and foundations of buildings and structures, taking into account the specific operating conditions of the designed objects, as well as their estimated service life, must be determined by the general designer in agreement with the customer.

Documentation regulating the operating time of various structures being built

The specific operating time of structures and objects under construction is indicated by the general designer, based on a preliminary agreement with the customer. The approximate terms of use of construction projects can be found in GOST R 54257-2010.

Definitions of the most important concepts on which the time frame for using an object is based

The following terms define uniform rules that ensure the reliability and durability of the object, which are important for an appropriate understanding of the requirements of the standards and requirements for the service life of buildings and structures:

1. Viability is the process of preserving the physical and other properties of structures, which are determined during the creation of the structure design and guarantee its use throughout the entire period of operation with established control and regular maintenance;
2. Durability is the ability of objects and structures to perform specified tasks throughout the entire period of use;
3. Design service life is the estimated period of operation of an object, determined by building codes or design goals, depending on the purposes of its construction with established regular technical inspection and maintenance of equipment and individual functional elements;
4. A construction site is an object that falls under the category of residential or public premises, as well as a service or engineering building.

Standard average service life of a building

The actual service life of a building and structure will depend on the design of the building, on the materials used in its construction, on operating conditions (temperature and humidity conditions, temperature changes, dynamic loads, quality of maintenance and repairs, etc.).

When designing a building, all its supporting structures are calculated based on the total service life of the entire building. Thus, the planned service life of a building depends on the service life of the main load-bearing structures: foundation, frame, load-bearing walls, floors and coverings, connections.

Service life of a panel apartment building: according to standards in accordance with GOST

For any house, be it panel or brick, there are its own standards and GOSTs. They talk about the approximate service life. Why approximate? Because a lot depends on the operating conditions, whether or not major repairs have been carried out, the quality of the work performed, etc. Sometimes a newly built house after two or three years is far from ideal condition, but a 9-story panel house is preserved very well.

Quite often we don’t think about when the house was built, how long it was designed to last, what its design features and weak points are. It seems to us that we will always have the purchased housing. Nevertheless, the history of the demolition of five-story “Khrushchev” buildings in Moscow suggests that houses also have a lifespan. The time comes and it ends.

Service life of buildings depending on capital group

Name of objects Approximate service life Temporary buildings and structures (houses for construction workers and shift personnel, temporary warehouses, summer pavilions, etc.) 10 years Structures operated in highly aggressive environments (vessels and tanks, pipelines of oil refining, gas and chemical industries , structures in the marine environment, etc.) At least 25 years Buildings and structures of mass construction under normal operating conditions (buildings of civil and industrial construction) At least 50 years Unique buildings and structures (buildings of major museums, repositories of national and cultural property, works of monumental art, stadiums, theaters, buildings over 75 m high, long-span structures, etc.) 100 years or more

9.1. Depending on the level of responsibility of structures, characterized by the social, environmental and economic consequences of their damage and destruction, during design it is necessary to use reliability coefficients for responsibility, the minimum values ​​of which are given in Table 2. Note. Responsibility levels 1a and 1b correspond to the “increased” level of responsibility, responsibility levels 2 and 3 correspond to the “normal” and “reduced” levels according to the classification of the Technical Regulations on the safety of buildings and structures [1].

What is the service life of a building, what does it depend on? How to determine the shelf life of a panel and other house?

For any house built from panels or bricks, standards have been developed by which one can judge the approximate period of their use. Why exemplary? Because the lifespan of a structure depends on how it was operated, whether major repairs were applied, etc.

There are also cases when a house built 2-3 years ago is in a deplorable condition, but a panel structure of 9 floors is still in fairly good condition.

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How long is the operating time of buildings according to GOST?

And, nevertheless, there is GOST 277751-2014, according to which the service life of a residential structure is:

Regulatory

Reference. On average, the optimal service life of any construction project is determined by regulatory documents. High-rise, apartment buildings are given a lifespan of 70-150 years. Each type of house has its own “period of life.”

Technical regulations define standards according to which houses with different purposes must stand for a certain amount of time. This moment is laid down during the creation of the project. Namely, certain requirements are put forward for building materials.

The actual life of the house differs from the norms allocated for it. When designing and calculating standards takes place, major and current repairs and restoration must be taken into account.

It is important to consider that such components of the house as frames, doors, etc. have a shorter service life than reinforced concrete structures.

For public buildings

Residential buildings are allowed to operate from 50 to 150 years, depending on the type of structure.

Panel houses

• Khrushchevka. Their shelf life is the shortest. These houses are designed for no more than 50 years of operation.
• Block. Their lifespan is also no more than 50 years, if proper maintenance and timely restoration of its components were used.
• Modern panel MKD. They can last 120 years. But they do not show strong differences from the main parameters of their predecessors.

Brick, monolithic Khrushchev buildings

Attention. Brick five-story buildings or monolithic buildings (Khrushchev buildings) can last up to 100 years.

However, today most of these buildings must be demolished within 40 years.

The actual service life of buildings and structures depends on the quality of building materials and the regularity of repairs. Particular attention should be paid to methods of operation. Dangerous repair work can cause the entire house to collapse.

A separate house should undergo preventive repairs. For this purpose, there are special commissions that determine the degree of wear.

In addition, the quality of building materials affects the strength and durability of a residential building. In addition to its physical condition, the house also has obsolescence. An old building may remain of high quality for a long time, but not fit into the new requirements for improvement.

This moment greatly affected the Khrushchevs. Formally, they are suitable for living, but they have an unattractive appearance and an inconvenient apartment layout. When constructing new buildings, this aspect is also taken into account. Therefore, they will not grow old for a long time.

How to determine the expiration date?

When a building reaches the end of its useful life, it must be assessed according to its degree of wear and tear:

1. Good condition - wear up to 10%.
2. Quite satisfactory – up to 20%.
3. Satisfactory – up to 30%.
4. Below satisfactory – 40%.
5. Unsatisfactory – up to 60%.
6. Unsuitable for habitation – more than 75%.

Important. In order to determine wear and tear, a special commission is created. A detailed inspection of the building is being carried out. The condition of its communications, floors, and basements is being studied.

Assessment is carried out in several ways:

1. Repair costs are estimated. Is there an economic benefit?
2. They look at the service life and time when the building was built.
3. Appearance assessment.
4. Check by an expert based on documentation.
5. Determining the correction factor through the physical wear and tear of the house.

The house is inspected in several stages:

1. The entire residential building is being examined.
2. Separate areas.
3. The reliability of the structure is checked, for example, after a natural disaster.
4. Then a report is drawn up, which specifies the percentage of wear and tear, as well as recommendations. Is the building subject to repair or should it be demolished?

The final decision on whether to carry out repairs or demolition is made by the local government.

Today, new panel buildings make up only 5% of the total housing stock. The emphasis is mainly on monolithic structures with high strength. Therefore, their service life is extended to 120-140 years.

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Source: https://pravovoi.center/zpp/srok-sluzhby/zhiloj-konstruktsii.html