What should be the temperature in the batteries during the heating season?

Home » Equipment » Heating radiators

The efficiency of the heating system depends on many factors. These usually include the rated power, the level of heat transfer of radiators and the operating temperature. For the last indicator, the main thing is to correctly select the heating level of the coolant. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the appropriate temperature in the heating system for water, radiators and boiler.

Types of electric boilers

Depending on the method of transferring thermal energy to the coolant, electric boilers are divided into three types:

1. Tenovye.
2. Induction.
3. Electrode.

All these heating units are produced in two versions: 220 and 380 volts.

Heating boilers

These electric boilers for home heating are the most popular. The principle of their operation is as follows:

• The tubular element heats the water circulating in the closed system.
• Circulation ensures fast and uniform heating of the entire system.
• The number of heating elements required depends on the power of the device and can vary from 1 to 6 heating elements.

Such boilers are equipped with a reliable automation system that allows you to monitor and regulate the temperature of the coolant. The advantages of heating elements heating units are:

• Simplicity and reliability of design.
• Easy to install.
• Cheap design.
• The ability to use almost any liquid as a coolant.
• These 380 volt boilers have a modern design and fit well into any interior.

Induction boilers

The principle of electromagnetic induction has long been successfully used for heating residential premises. This boiler has the following device:

• A metal core is inserted into a cylindrical body (usually a piece of pipe), on which a coil is wound.
• When voltage is applied to the coil and winding, vortex flows arise, as a result of which the pipe through which the coolant circulates heats up and transfers heat to the water.
• The water circulation must be constant so that the coil and core do not overheat.

This electric heating system has the following advantages:

• High efficiency, reaching 98%.
• This 380 volt boiler is not susceptible to scale formation.
• Increased safety - no heating elements.
• Small dimensions and low weight ensure easy and quick installation of induction boilers.

Electrode systems

In its operation, the 380 volt electrode boiler uses specially prepared water. Preparing the coolant involves dissolving a certain amount of salts in it to give the required density. The general operating principle of electrode heating devices is as follows:

• Two electrodes are inserted into a pipe of suitable diameter.
• Due to the potential difference and frequent polarity changes, the ions begin to move chaotically. This way the coolant heats up quickly.
• Due to the rapid heating of the coolant, powerful convection currents are created, allowing you to quickly warm up a large volume without the use of a circulation pump.

The electrode boiler has obvious advantages, including:

• Small sizes.
• Fast ramp up to rated power.
• Compact and simple design.
• No emergency situation, even if water leaks from the heating system.

The impact of temperature on the characteristics of the coolant

In addition to the factors listed above, the temperature of the water in the heating pipes affects its characteristics. The method of functioning of gravity heating systems is based on this. As the water heating value increases, it expands and circulation appears.

Coolants for heating systems

But when using antifreeze, exceeding normal temperatures in radiators can lead to different results. Therefore, for heating with a coolant other than water, it is necessary to first determine the permissible heating values. This does not apply to the temperature of the central heating radiators in the apartment, since such devices do not use antifreeze-based liquids.

Antifreeze is used if there is a risk of exposure to low temperatures on radiators. Unlike water, it does not change from liquid to crystalline at 0 degrees. But if the heat supply operation exceeds the norms of the temperature table for heating to a greater extent, the following phenomena may be observed:

1. foaming This contributes to an increase in coolant volume and pressure level. There will be no reverse process when the antifreeze cools;
2. the appearance of limescale. Antifreeze contains mineral components. If the heating temperature in the apartment is violated, they precipitate. Over time, this leads to clogged pipes and radiators;
3. increase in density. Malfunctions of the circulation pump may occur if its rated power was not designed to handle such situations.

We recommend: Which radiators are best suited for autonomous heating?

Therefore, it is much easier to monitor the water temperature in the heating system of a private home than to control the heating level of antifreeze. Moreover, substances based on ethylene glycol emit gases that are harmful to humans when evaporated.

Today they are almost never used as a coolant in autonomous heating systems. Before using antifreeze in heating, it is necessary to replace all rubber seals with paranitic ones. This is due to the high level of permeability of this type of coolant.

Options for normalizing heating temperature

Minimum water temperatures in the heating system are not considered the main threat to its operation. This affects the microclimate in living rooms, but does not affect the operation of the heating supply. If the water heating norm is exceeded, emergency situations may occur.

Safety group for autonomous heating

When creating a heating scheme, you need to provide a list of measures aimed at preventing a critical increase in water temperature. First of all, this will lead to increased pressure and stress on the inside of pipes and radiators. If this happened once and lasted a short time, then the heating parts will not be damaged.

But such cases appear under the constant influence of specific factors. Most often this is the incorrect operation of a solid fuel boiler. To avoid breakdowns, it is necessary to upgrade the heating in the following way:

• installation of a security group. It consists of an air vent, a bleed valve and a pressure gauge. If the water temperature reaches a critical level, these parts will eliminate excess coolant, thereby ensuring normal circulation of the liquid for its natural cooling;
• mixing unit. It connects the return and supply pipes. Additionally, a two-way valve with a servo drive is mounted. The latter is connected to the temperature sensor. If the heating level exceeds the norm, the valve will open and a mixing of hot and cooled water flows will occur;
• electronic heating control unit. It distributes the water temperature in different parts of the system. If the thermal regime is violated, it sends a corresponding signal to the boiler processor to reduce power.

These measures will prevent improper heating operation at the initial stage of the problem. It is most difficult to control the water temperature in systems with a solid fuel boiler

Therefore, for them, special attention must be paid to the selection of indicators of the safety group and mixing unit

YouTube responded with an error: Access Not Configured. YouTube Data API has not been used in project 268921522881 before or it is disabled. Enable it by visiting https://console.developers.google.com/apis/api/youtube.googleapis.com/overview?project=268921522881 then retry. If you enabled this API recently, wait a few minutes for the action to propagate to our systems and retry.

Heating standards in apartments and houses

In fact, the level of water heating in heating pipes and radiators is considered a subjective indicator. It is much more important to know the heat transfer of the system. It depends on what minimum and maximum water temperatures in the heating system can be reached at the time of use.

Battery temperature measurement

For autonomous heat supply, central heating standards are used. They are specified in the resolution of the Russian Federation No. 354. But the minimum water temperature in the heating system is not indicated there. The main thing is to observe the level of air heating in the room. Therefore, the temperature indicator of one system may differ from another. It all depends on the influencing factors mentioned above.

We recommend: Is it possible to install bimetallic radiators on central heating?

To determine the normal temperature in heating pipes, you must familiarize yourself with the current standards. Their contents indicate the division into residential and non-residential rooms, as well as the dependence of the level of air heating on the time of day:

• in the central rooms during the day, the normal temperature in the apartment should be +18 degrees and +20 degrees in the corner rooms;
• in living rooms at night, a slight drop in temperature is allowed, but the temperature of the heating radiators should be +15-+17 degrees.

The management company controls these standards. If they are violated, you can ask for a recalculation of heating payments. For autonomous heat supply, a temperature table is created, where the heat carrier heating indicators and the level of load on the system are entered. However, no one is responsible for failure to comply with this schedule. This affects the comfort of being in a private home.

For central heating, it is considered important to maintain the required level of air heating in stairwells and non-residential premises. The temperature of the water in the batteries should be such that the air is heated to a minimum of +12 degrees.

Calculation of heating operating temperature conditions

At the time of calculating the heat supply, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of all parts. In particular, this applies to radiators. What is the appropriate temperature for heating radiators: +70 or +95 degrees? It all depends on the warm calculation, which is created at the time of design.

An example of creating a heating temperature schedule

First you need to identify heat losses in the building. Based on the information received, a boiler with the appropriate power is selected. Then the parameters of the heat supply batteries are determined. They must have a specific level of heat transfer, which will affect the water temperature graph in the heating system. Manufacturers note this parameter, but only for a specific operating mode of the system.

If to maintain a comfortable level of heating of the air in the room you have to spend 2 kW of thermal energy, then the radiators must have a no less heat transfer rate. To identify this you need to know the following indicators:

• you need to know the maximum water temperature in the heating system - t1. It depends on the power of the boiler;
• the normal temperature that should be in the heating return pipes is t. This is revealed by the type of distribution of highways and the total length of the system;
• desired level of air heating in the room – t.

If you have this data, you can easily calculate the temperature difference of the battery using the following formula:

Tnap=(t1-t2)x((t1-t2)/2-t3

Then, to determine the power of the radiator, you need to use the following formula:

Q=khxFxTnap

Where k is an indicator of the heat transfer of the heating device. This indicator must be noted in the passport. F is the area of ​​the radiator, Tnap is the thermal pressure.

By changing different values ​​of the maximum and minimum water temperatures in the heating system, you can determine the optimal operating mode of the device. The main thing is to correctly initially calculate the required power of the heating device.

We recommend: How to repair a cast iron heating radiator with your own hands?

Most often, the low temperature value in heating radiators is associated with heating design errors. Experts advise radiators to add a small margin to the obtained power value - 5%. This will be required if the outside temperature drops critically in winter.

Water temperature in the boiler and heating pipes

After the calculations have been made, you need to set up a table of temperature values ​​for the boiler and pipes. At the time of operation of the heat supply, there should be no emergencies, the common cause of which is considered to be a violation of the temperature regime.

Heating boilers

The normal water temperature in central heating radiators can be up to +90 degrees. This must be strictly monitored during the preparation of the coolant, its transportation and distribution to residential apartments. The situation with autonomous heat supply is much more complicated. In this case, control completely depends on the owner of the house.

The main thing is to ensure that the temperature of the water in the heating pipes does not increase. This may affect the safety of the system. If suddenly the water temperature in the heating system of a private house is higher than normal, the following situations may arise:

• deformation of pipelines. This is especially true for polymer lines, where maximum heating can reach +85 degrees. Therefore, the normal temperature of heating pipes in an apartment is +70 degrees. Otherwise, deformation of the line may occur, and then a burst;
• increase in air heating. If the temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment contributes to an increase in the air heating value above +27 degrees, then this is outside the normal range;
• reducing the service life of heating parts. This applies to radiators and pipes. Over time, the maximum water temperature in the heating system will lead to malfunction;
• Failure to comply with the temperature schedule of water in the autonomous heating system contributes to the creation of air jams. This is accomplished by transforming the coolant from a liquid to a gaseous state. Additionally, this affects the occurrence of corrosion on the metal parts of the system. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately calculate what temperature should be in the heating batteries, taking into account the material of creation.

Most often, a violation of the thermal operating conditions is observed in solid fuel boilers. This is due to the problem of adjusting their power. When a critical temperature level appears in the heating pipes, it is very difficult to quickly reduce the boiler power.

Battery temperature

There are minimum and maximum standards. Sometimes, even when heating is started, there is not enough heat in the room due to the fact that the temperature of the radiators is far from the standards. The reason for this is the banal airiness of the system. You can fix the problems with the help of a specialist or yourself using a Mayevsky crane.

If the problem arises due to worn-out riser pipes or batteries, then you simply cannot do without the help of specialists. If the heating system did not work and the air in the apartment was colder than specified in GOST standards, then this entire period is not subject to payment.

There are no minimum temperature standards for heating radiators, so it is customary to rely on the air parameters in the apartment. Normal air parameters during the heating period are +16…+25°C.

To document that the temperature of the heating system does not meet the norm, it is necessary to invite an authorized representative of the heating service provider. What the water temperature in the batteries should be is described in SNiP 41−01 of 2003:

1. If a two-pipe design is used in the room, then 95°C is the maximum.
2. The norm for a single-pipe design is +115°C.
3. The winter temperature norm for heating radiators in an apartment is +80…+90°C. If it approaches +100°C, then urgent measures must be taken to prevent water from boiling in the system.

To ensure that the heating complies with GOST standards, you need to take your own measurements and understand what the temperature of the water in the heating radiators is:

1. An ordinary mercury thermometer can be used, but then 2°C will need to be added to the result obtained.
2. An infrared thermometer will also work.
3. The alcohol thermometer must be tightly tied to the battery, wrapped in thermal insulation.

If the results obtained are far from normal, then you need to submit an application to the heating network office with a request to carry out control measurements. A commission will visit the apartment and make all the necessary calculations.

What determines the temperature of water in heating

For proper operation of the heating system, a graph of the water temperature in the heating system is necessary. According to it, the optimal degree of heating of the coolant is determined depending on the influence of certain external factors. From it you can determine what temperature of water in the heating radiators should be during a certain period of time the system is operating.

Water heating system for a house

A common misconception is that the higher the degree of heating of the coolant, the better. However, this increases fuel consumption and increases operating costs.

Often, the low temperature of radiators is not a violation of room heating standards. A low-temperature heating system was simply designed. That is why special attention should be paid to accurately calculating water heating.

The optimal water temperature in heating pipes largely depends on external factors. To determine it, you need to take into account the following parameters:

• Heat losses at home . They are decisive for the calculation of any type of heat supply. Their calculation will be the first stage of heat supply design;
• Boiler characteristics . If the operation of this component does not meet the design requirements, the temperature of the water in the heating system of a private house will not rise to the required level;
• Material for making pipes and radiators . In the first case, it is necessary to use pipes with a minimum thermal conductivity. This will reduce heat losses in the system during transportation of coolant from the boiler heat exchanger to the radiators. For batteries, the opposite is important - high thermal conductivity. Therefore, the water temperature in central heating radiators made of cast iron should be slightly higher than in aluminum or bimetallic structures.

Is it possible to independently determine what temperature should be in the heating radiators? This depends on the characteristics of the system components. To do this, you should familiarize yourself with the properties of the batteries, boiler and heat supply pipes.

In a centralized heating system, the temperature of the heating pipes in the apartment is not an important indicator. It is important that the standards for heating air in living rooms are observed.

Procedure in case of no heating

Residents of apartment buildings are sometimes faced with a situation where the apartment is already very cold, and the temperature of the radiator in the apartment is not only below normal - the heating is completely turned off. If the reason for this is a breakdown of the heating system in the house, they must be eliminated

But if the culprit of the delay is the service company, it is important to provide evidence that the apartment is very cold

A representative is invited from the service company and together with him they measure the temperatures in each room, recording the results in writing. After receiving the results, the heat supplier must urgently take measures to turn on the heating and recalculate the charge for the period of interruption. In the absence of any response from the service organization, compensation can be obtained through the court for violation of the rules for servicing the population by utility companies.

In winter, the minimum air temperature in the apartment is 18 ℃. Provided that the temperature falls below this level, the heat supplier must reduce the payment by 0.15% for each hour of the violation period.

The water temperature standards in house heating radiators must comply with SNiP and be strictly observed throughout the heating season.

To protect themselves from violations by heat suppliers, consumers should familiarize themselves with the standards, deadlines and temperature limits of water in radiators and indoor air during the heating season. Then, if necessary, they can check all values ​​with simple measurements.

If there is any discrepancy between the heating system and GOST, you need to find the cause of the cold radiators. The best person to deal with this will be the specialists of the supplier company, who will be able to officially record the temperature in the living room.

If the problem is caused by poor quality maintenance of the systems of an apartment building, then the solution to the problem lies entirely with the organization supplying the heat. At the same time, all residents should be recalculated for heat or they should be completely exempt from paying if the radiators did not heat at all.

Knowing what the temperature of the radiators in the apartment should be and at what period the heating starts, each resident of an apartment building can determine for himself whether the temperature indicators comply with the established standards. This will help you take action in time and solve the heat problem.

Water temperature in the boiler and heating pipes

After performing the above calculation, it is necessary to adapt the heating temperature table for the boiler and pipes. During heat supply operation, emergency situations should not occur, a common cause of which is a violation of the temperature schedule.

Heating boilers

The normal water temperature in central heating radiators can be up to +90°C. This is strictly monitored at the stage of coolant preparation, its transportation and distribution to residential apartments.

The situation with autonomous heat supply is much more complicated. In this case, control completely depends on the owner of the house. It is important to ensure that there is no excess temperature of the water in the heating pipes that goes beyond the established schedule. This may affect the safety of the system.

If the water temperature in the heating system of a private home exceeds the norm, the following situations may occur:

• Damage to pipelines . This is especially true for polymer lines, where the maximum heating can be +85°C. That is why the normal temperature of heating pipes in an apartment is usually +70°C. Otherwise, deformation of the line may occur and a gust may occur;
• Excessive air heating . If the temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment provokes an increase in the degree of air heating above +27°C, this is outside the normal limits;
• Reduced service life of heating components . This applies to both radiators and pipes. Over time, the maximum water temperature in the heating system will lead to breakdown.

Also, a violation of the water temperature schedule in the autonomous heating system provokes the formation of air jams. This occurs due to the transition of the coolant from liquid to gaseous state. Additionally, this affects the formation of corrosion on the surface of the metal components of the system. That is why it is necessary to accurately calculate what temperature should be in the heat supply batteries, taking into account their material of manufacture.

Most often, a violation of the thermal operating conditions is observed in solid fuel boilers. This is due to the problem of adjusting their power. When a critical temperature level in the heating pipes is reached, it is difficult to quickly reduce the boiler power.

How to correctly measure and find the average standard

The heating is turned on in your house and you want to measure the air temperature in the apartment, but you don’t know how to do it correctly? Now let's clarify this issue.

To do this you need to use a certain method:

In each room, a thermometer is placed on the inside of the wall.

It should be located at a distance of one meter from the outer wall and one and a half meters from the floor surface. Measurements are taken for at least ten minutes.

Users of residential premises in apartment buildings must receive heating services continuously and around the clock throughout the entire established period.

The permissible rate of heating failure is no more than one day within thirty days (24 hours in total).

At a time, no more than 14 - 16 hours (the air temperature in the rooms should remain at least twelve degrees).

If the air temperature in the living room is ten to twelve degrees, no more than eight hours.

And no more than four hours if the temperature is eight to ten degrees.

If the standards are not met, the heating fee for each hour must be revised and reduced by 0.15%.

Now take a calculator and do some simple calculations and find out how much you should pay for batteries that are barely warm.

Perhaps some individuals do not agree with the established norms and requirements of legal acts.

If the temperature in your apartment corresponds to the requirements, but you do not agree with it (this is not enough for you), then in this case there is only one way out - buy a heater.

For many, this is a way out of the situation so as not to freeze.

And if, on the contrary, you feel hot, you can adjust the temperature using a thermal head installed on the radiator.

But keep in mind that in this case you will have to pay for the services provided in full. There will be no concessions to you from the service organization.

Of course, you can only pay for the heat you used; for this you will have to install heating heat meters.

The standard temperature in a living space in winter, according to SanPiN, is predetermined in conjunction with such indicators as air humidity and air flow speed.

This applies only to rooms in which the optimal humidity value is between 30 and 45%.

For other premises, these parameters are not standardized. In this case, air flows should move at a speed of 2 m/s.

So, we have figured out the air temperature in the apartment during the heating season and found out the permissible errors in one direction or another.

How everything works

There are two different types of charts:

1. For heating networks.
2. For indoor heating system.

The relationship between supply temperatures in the route and in the house.

To explain the difference between these concepts, it is probably worth starting with a brief excursion into how central heating works.

CHP - heating networks

The function of this bundle is to heat the coolant and deliver it to the end user. The length of heating mains is usually measured in kilometers, the total surface area is measured in thousands and thousands of square meters. Despite measures to insulate pipes, heat loss is inevitable: after traveling from the thermal power plant or boiler room to the border of the house, process water will have time to partially cool.

Hence the conclusion: in order for it to reach the consumer while maintaining an acceptable temperature, the supply of the heating main at the exit from the thermal power plant must be as hot as possible. The limiting factor is the boiling point; however, as the pressure increases, it shifts towards increasing temperature:

Typical pressure in the supply pipeline of a heating main is 7-8 atmospheres. This value, even taking into account pressure losses during transportation, allows you to start a heating system in buildings up to 16 floors high without additional pumps. At the same time, it is safe for routes, risers and connections, mixer hoses and other elements of heating and hot water systems.

Inside the flexible hoses of the mixer the pressure is the same as in the heating main.

With some margin, the upper limit of the supply temperature is taken to be 150 degrees. The most typical heating temperature curves for heating mains are in the range of 150/70 – 105/70 (supply and return temperatures).

House

There are a number of additional limiting factors in a home heating system.

The maximum coolant temperature in it cannot exceed 95 C for a two-pipe and 105 C for a single-pipe building heating system.

A row of heating radiators stretches along the walls.

For obvious reasons, the temperature delta between the supply and return pipelines should be as small as possible - otherwise the temperature of the batteries in the building will vary greatly. This implies rapid circulation of the coolant. However, too fast circulation through the house heating system will lead to the return water returning to the route at an excessively high temperature, which is unacceptable due to a number of technical limitations in the operation of thermal power plants.

The problem is solved by installing one or more elevator units in each house, in which return water is mixed with the flow of water from the supply pipeline. The resulting mixture, in fact, ensures rapid circulation of a large volume of coolant without overheating the return pipeline of the route.

Elevator operation diagram.

For intra-house networks, a separate temperature schedule is set taking into account the elevator operation scheme. For two-pipe circuits, the typical heating temperature curve is 95-70, for single-pipe circuits (which, however, is rare in apartment buildings) - 105-70.

Parameters of distributing elements

One of the details of heating a home is a riser through which the coolant enters the battery or radiator from the heating unit. The coolant temperature standards in the heating system require heating in the riser in winter in the range of 70-90 °C. In fact, the degrees depend on the output parameters of the thermal power plant or boiler house. In the summer, when hot water is needed only for washing and showering, the range moves to 40-60 °C.

Observant people may notice that the heating elements in the neighboring apartment are hotter or colder than in his own.

The reason for the temperature difference in the heating riser lies in the method of hot water distribution.

In a single-pipe design, the coolant can be distributed:

• above; then the temperature on the upper floors is higher than on the lower ones;
• from below, then the picture changes to the opposite - it is hotter from below.

In a two-pipe system, the degree is the same throughout, theoretically 90 °C in the forward direction and 70 °C in the reverse direction.

Requirements for heating networks

With centralized heat supply, the heat source is a boiler house or a thermal power plant, where high-temperature water-heating boilers are installed (in thermal power plants - steam boilers). The fuel is usually natural gas, with other energy sources being used to a lesser extent. The temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the hot water boiler is 115 °C, but the water does not boil when it is under pressure. The need to heat up to 115 °C is explained by the fact that boiler plants operate at maximum efficiency in this mode.

The transition from 115 °C to the required temperature value is provided by plate or shell-and-tube heat exchangers. At a thermal power plant, waste steam from turbines enters heat exchangers to produce electricity. According to regulatory requirements, the water temperature in heating pipes should not exceed 105 ° C, the lower limit depends on street conditions. In this range, the heating of water in the heating network is regulated depending on the weather, for which each boiler room has a temperature graph of the heating system. For home networks, 2 calculation schedules are used:

• 105/70 °C;
• 95/70 °C.

These figures show the maximum temperature of the supply and return water during the most severe frosts in a particular area. But at the beginning and end of the heating season, when the weather is not yet too cold, there is no point in heating the coolant to 105 °C, so a real temperature heating schedule is drawn up, which describes to what extent the water should be heated at different outside temperatures. The dependence of heating on weather conditions is shown in the table, which presents excerpts from the graph for the city of Ufa:

It is quite difficult to find out exactly what the coolant temperature is in a centralized heating network. To do this, you need to have a remote thermometer that determines the degree of surface heating. So, it is possible to determine to what extent the heating standards in the apartment are met only by the air temperature in the rooms.