The concept of "public building". Classification of public buildings according to various criteria

What applies to administrative buildings

Building

, synonym:
house
- a type of ground-based building structure with premises, created as a result of construction activities in order to carry out certain consumer functions, such as residence (dwelling), economic or other activities of people, location of production, storage of products or keeping animals [1]. The building includes utility networks and utility systems (equipment). The building may also have operational premises in the underground part. A structure that does not have an above-ground part is not a building.

In scientific and technical literature, the combination of words “buildings and construction structures” is often used.

In this combination, “building structures” are understood to mean “other building structures that are not buildings,” for example, engineering structures (bridges, chimneys, masts, radio and television towers, etc.), underground structures (tunnels, underground metro structures, shelters, etc.), memorial and architectural structures.

Etymology [edit | edit code]

The word “building” was probably formed from the once existing verb “zdati”, which meant “to build”. The verb “zdati” came, in turn, from the noun “zd” - “clay” - since clay was actively used as a building material. From this verb came the words “architect”, “to create” [2].

In English, the word “building” (“building”, “structure”) is also derived from the verb “build” (“to build”). A similar thing is observed in the German language: “Gebäude” (“building”, “structure”) is a derivative of bauen (“to build”).

Division by purpose [ edit | edit code]

Based on their purpose, buildings are usually divided into: [3] [4]

residential - all buildings intended for use as housing (residential buildings, hotels, dormitories, residential buildings of boarding houses, holiday homes, etc.), public (for example: theaters, museums, shopping centers, train stations, etc.), administrative - any office buildings, that is, intended to house offices.

production (plants, factories), utility, energy (power plants), warehouse.

Agricultural (greenhouses, silos, livestock buildings, warehouses and agricultural machinery workshops),

At the same time, this classification developed in Soviet times and applied mainly to newly constructed buildings. In this regard, some groups of buildings were not included in it:

Religious buildings (church, chapel), the construction of which in the USSR was almost completely curtailed.
Defensive-fortress buildings (castle, donjon, etc.), the construction of which has long ceased due to the loss of their defensive significance.

Each of these groups is divided according to the degree of capital (according to SNiP II-A.3-61 into 4 classes). Cultural and historical monuments must be preserved for centuries (theatres, palaces, subways, power plants...). The requirements for construction and fire resistance, and other architectural requirements depend on this [3].

Administrative buildings [ edit | edit code]

Administrative buildings are structures united by the common architectural task of creating an environment for the work of offices (including offices for the administrative apparatus) of state and non-state (public) economic and other organizations and institutions.

Typically the layout is cellular with workrooms located on one or both sides of the corridor. On the ground floor there is a vestibule and a cloakroom. Meeting rooms are located on the lower floors as separate volumes or on the upper floor of the main volume.

They have great architectural, artistic and figurative significance for the development of cities and villages. They are located on main squares and streets, many are the centers of architectural ensembles.

Definition: a group of buildings and premises that have a number of common functional and space-planning features and are intended primarily for mental work and non-productive activities, different from buildings for activities for the production of material assets or services to the population

Commercial [ edit | edit code]

Commercial buildings - used for conducting business (sales, etc.). This building category may, in particular, include the following subgroups:

administrative buildings - in this case, buildings for housing offices of commercial organizations and institutions;
shopping - buildings (shopping centers, megamalls, pavilions) for housing commercial enterprises (shops, supermarkets, hypermarkets);
exhibition - buildings for holding exhibitions in the interests of commercial organizations participating in exhibitions, as well as for conducting an exhibition business, that is, a business for providing premises for exhibitions;
commercial production - buildings for housing commercial production (factories, factories), that is, used by production commercial organizations to produce certain products for sale.
auxiliary - buildings for housing various support services (for example, garages for corporate vehicles) that ensure the main activities of the owner organization.

Source: https://bryanskinfo.ru/2019/11/16/chto-otnositsja-k-administrativnym-zdanijam/

Content

1 Etymology
2 Division by purpose 2.1 Residential buildings
2.2 Public buildings
2.3 Industrial buildings
2.4 Agricultural buildings
2.5 Warehouse buildings

3 Types of buildings by height

4 Building architecture

5 Building structures

6 Structural systems of buildings

6.1 Structural systems of multi-storey buildings

6.2 Structural systems of one-story buildings

7 Types of buildings by construction technology

8 Types of buildings according to the material of supporting structures

9 Interesting facts

10 See also

11 Notes

12 Literature

13 Links

A building is... Residential buildings. Administrative buildings. Building

A building is a ground structure that has internal space. Such an object is intended for living or working, as well as to meet certain needs of society.

Etiology

The word “building” itself most likely comes from the Old Russian verb “zdati”. In the old days it meant “to build.”

The verb “zdati” used in ancient speech, in turn, appeared from the noun “zd”. In those distant times, this word meant “clay” (it served as the main building material).

Words such as “create” and “architect” are believed to have originated from the same verb.

What does not apply to buildings?

This term does not apply to those above-ground structures that do not have internal space. These are, for example, transport overpasses and bridges, cooling towers, etc. Many underwater and underground structures do not fall into the category of buildings. Their list includes dams, tunnels, etc.

All these buildings are called engineering structures or simply structures. Such objects also include those that are formally similar to a building. This is, for example, a water tower.

This could also be a technical building of an industrial enterprise intended for servicing equipment, etc.

Technological elements

A building is the result of construction work. It is a three-dimensional structure with above-ground and underground parts. In addition, any building has internal premises, networks and engineering support systems.

Construction projects are designed to carry out one or another human activity. If they are used as dwellings, then these are residential buildings. Buildings can be intended for storing products and for locating production facilities, as well as for keeping animals in them.

Any of these objects belongs to the category “non-residential building”.

The elements of the space-planning solution for any building are the following:

1. Premises. They dismember the entire internal space of a certain object. A certain part of the volume of a construction project is the premises. The building is usually divided into spaces (rooms, corridors, etc.) with fences on all sides. A collection of such rooms, the floors of which are located on the same level, is called a floor.

2. Basement. This is the floor of a building that is below ground level. 3. Ground floor (semi-basement). It includes premises located below the level of the blind area (but not more than half their height). 4. Above ground floors. This is a collection of premises located above the ground level. 5. Attic.

It is a room located above the ceiling above the last floor of the building and below the roof. 6. Attic. This is the name of the room that was created as a result of separating a part inside the attic space. The attic is formed by a pitched roof and is intended for housing or utility rooms. 7. Technical floor.

This space is intended to accommodate engineering equipment, as well as to lay communications necessary for the functioning of the house. Such a floor can be located either in the lower part of the building (technical underground) or in the upper part (technical floor). Sometimes it is installed directly above the driveways.

It can also be located above the first floor of a residential building that has a public purpose.

A building is a structure that has a material shell, the role of which is played by various independent parts - foundation, walls, roof, etc. These are the structural elements. They, in turn, consist of pre-fabricated smaller parts - steps and roofing products, prefabricated slabs, etc.

All structural elements of a building are divided into enclosing and load-bearing. Attribution to one type or another is determined by the purpose and operating conditions of these parts in the overall structure of the building.

Classification of structural elements as load-bearing is possible only if they accept all types of power loads that arise during the operation of the building. In contrast, enclosing structures are designed to isolate the internal space of a building from the external environment and delimit the building into separate rooms.

The main load-bearing elements of construction projects are the following: foundation, columns, beams and similar parts. Enclosing parts - doors and windows, roofing and partitions. There are also elements in the building that combine the functions of load-bearing and non-load-bearing structures (for example, internal walls).

Classification of buildings by purpose

The following division of construction projects, which are ground-based buildings with internal volume, is accepted:

1. Residential buildings. These are those objects that are intended for use as dwellings. These include hostels and hotels. This list includes residential buildings and buildings with rooms for holiday homes, boarding houses, etc. 2. Public buildings.

These include museums and theaters, train stations, shopping centers, libraries, galleries, etc. 3. Industrial buildings. These are power plants, factories, factories. 4. Agricultural buildings. These include warehouses, livestock farms, etc. 5. Administrative buildings.

These are buildings designed to house offices.

The construction of buildings is carried out based on the degree of their capital, which in SNiP P-A.3-61 is divided into four classes. For example, cultural and historical monuments (palaces and theaters, metro stations, etc.) must be preserved for centuries.

Moreover, the construction of buildings of this class is carried out in strict compliance with certain requirements for architecture, fire resistance, etc. When constructing objects, it is necessary to adhere to SNiP “Buildings and Structures”.

This document is an instruction developed to protect the rights and interests of consumers of construction industry products.

Residential buildings

Such buildings can be of various types. In particular, they can be non-commercial (hotels at educational institutions or factories, dormitories, military barracks and, of course, residential buildings), as well as commercial (apartment buildings, commercial hotels and dormitories).

Residential buildings are also classified by number of floors. They are as follows: - low-rise (one or two floors); - medium-rise (3-5 floors); - multi-storey (over 6 floors); - high-rise (from 11 to 16 floors);

– high-rise (over 16 floors).

Buildings intended for human habitation are classified by the number of apartments in them. Such buildings can be:

- single-apartment (individual); - two-apartment (paired);

- multi-apartment.

In order to solve social problems and provide favorable living conditions for the population, it is necessary to make the right choice of residential buildings in terms of number of floors and their space-planning structure.

In large settlements, the construction of multi-storey buildings is most common. This is a rational solution if you need to design a residential building. SNiP provides for certain requirements for structural elements, as well as for the functionality and decoration of houses.

According to this construction instruction, multi-storey buildings must be constructed from durable structures. In addition, SNiP puts forward a requirement to ensure the fire resistance of such objects.

That is why in residential buildings with a height of more than five floors, the load-bearing frame must be made exclusively of reinforced concrete, concrete and stone materials.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZs0U9gboWU

The design of multi-storey buildings has its own characteristics. The load-bearing frame of such buildings is usually a wall.

Administrative buildings

These are buildings that have a common architectural task - creating an environment for normal office work. This may also include premises where the administrative staff of public and government institutions and organizations is located.

Administrative buildings, as a rule, have a cellular layout. Their workrooms are located on both or one side of the corridor. The first floor is intended for the cloakroom and vestibule.

Necessary premises in administrative buildings are meeting rooms. They are located on the lower floors, organizing a separate building volume.

Meeting rooms may also be located on the upper floors of the main building.

In the development of populated areas, administrative buildings are given great figurative, architectural and artistic significance. As a rule, they are located on main streets and squares. Many of these buildings serve as the center of a certain architectural composition.

Requirements for office buildings

The construction of administrative buildings has a number of features. First of all, these houses must have a large number of door and window openings, as well as intermediate spans. In addition, administrative buildings are structures with a complex frame structure.

Their interior space is designed to be mobile and spacious. When constructing offices, an important role is played by the appearance of the facility. Preferable is solid mirror glazing, brick finishing, as well as combined options and techniques when decorating with a variety of materials.

SNiP puts forward its requirements for the construction of administrative facilities. These include the following:

- use of structures that comply with GOST standards; - compliance with all safety regulations; - environmental friendliness of the materials used; - ergonomics; - fire safety; - moisture, noise and heat insulation; - installation of a powerful ventilation system; - resistance to heavy precipitation and temperature changes; - presentability;

– seismic resistance.

When constructing administrative buildings, additional requirements must be met. Their list includes the following:

- originality of the layout; - availability of parking in the basement of the building;

– an extensive electrical wiring network, making it possible to connect a large number of office equipment.

In addition, it is worth keeping in mind that the construction of administrative facilities should be carried out only by a reliable contractor.

Classification of industrial buildings

At the stage of design, planning and financing of construction, determining the purpose of the structure is of great importance. The class of its capital is also important.

Industrial buildings according to their purpose are divided into the following:

- buildings intended for main production; - auxiliary, warehouse and ancillary production buildings that are service facilities (health centers, repair shops, warehouses, laboratories, etc.

); - structures and buildings of the energy sector (boiler houses, gas generators, compressor rooms, etc.); - communications and transport buildings (garages, communication centers, production process control stations, etc.

);

– sanitary facilities (sewage and water supply facilities, gasification and district heating, etc.).

Structural elements

Literature[ | ]

Building // Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language: in 4 volumes / author.-comp. V. I. Dal. — 2nd ed. - St. Petersburg. : Printing house of M. O. Wolf, 1880-1882.
SP 54.13330.2016 Residential multi-apartment buildings.
SP 118.13330.2012 Public buildings and structures.
SP 56.13330.2011 Industrial buildings.*
A manual for the design of residential buildings. Vol. 3. Designs of residential buildings (to SNiP 2.08.01-85). - M.: Stroyizdat, 1989. - 304 p.
Bondarenko V. M., Suvorkin D. G.
Reinforced concrete and stone structures. M.: Higher. school. — 1987.
Metal structures, Special course, Ed. 2nd, revised. M., Stroyizdat, 1982. - 472 p.
Schuller V.
Designs of high-rise buildings. Per. from English M.: Stroyizdat. 1979. - 248 p.
Büttner O., Hamle E.
Construction - load-bearing structure - load-bearing structure. Part 1. M.: Stroyizdat. 1983... 1986.- 471 p.